FIFA Chooses 2018 and 2022 World Cup Hosts

 
Amid controversy and accusations of corruption, soccer’s world governing body FIFA selected the host countries for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups this week. The 2018 host will be Russia, and the 2022 host will be Qatar. Already there is lots of talk about what these selections mean, and many observers are wondering aloud whether corruption was a factor in these selections.
In any event, FIFA officials have long been talking about how they’d like to take the World Cup into areas where the tournament has not traditionally been held. Their selection of South Africa for the 2010 tournament and Brazil for the 2014 cup shows this commitment, and these new selections seem to continue this pattern. Russia has never held a World Cup, nor has any Middle Eastern country.
As FIFA president Joseph Blatter put it at this week’s announcement ceremony in Zurich, “We go to new lands. Never has the World Cup been in Russia and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East and Arabic world has been waiting for a long time.”
Of course, with any selection of this nature there are disappointed also-rans. Perhaps the highest-profile contenders were England for the 2018 cup and the U.S. for 2022. Given the unorthodox announcement of two future cups at the same time, host hopefuls will now have to wait several years before they can enter new bids. Countries hoping to host cups now have to look 16 or 20 years in the future, which is a difficult proposition.
Officials in the U.S. had hoped to use the World Cup to continue to further soccer in the U.S., but FIFA representatives found the U.S.’s bid lacking passion and short on convincing arguments. After all, FIFA gave the tournament to the U.S. in 1994, and many worthy potential host countries have missed out in the intervening years.
Ultimately, Qatar probably benefited from the amazing success of this year’s World Cup in South Africa, which apparently galvanized FIFA officials to continue delivering their event to parts of the world where it has not traditionally been held.

Qatar officials are reportedly excited to present a new image of the Middle East to the world. Of course, many observers are pointing to the fact that the country can get up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit on typical summer days, which means the country will have to build air-conditioned stadiums. Such facilities aren’t cheap.
Russia, meanwhile, sees their opportunity to host the 2018 World Cup as a chance to boost their emergence from the collapse of the Soviet Union. Detractors have pointed to Russia’s poor infrastructure and far-flung geography, which may make logistics difficult.
In the weeks leading up to the announcement, 6 of 24 members of FIFA’s selection committee were accused of corruption, with two ultimately being barred from voting. The announcement came amid calls for postponement, but FIFA pushed forward regardless. The organization, which has always faced frequent criticism for its perceived lack of transparency, probably didn’t help its cause by ignoring concerns.
The accusations against FIFA mainly focused on alleged cash bribes requested by FIFA members in exchange for support of host countries. Nigerian official Amos Adamu and French FIFA vice-president Reynald Temarii allegedly asked for $800,000 in exchange for full support of the U.S. bid. FIFA announced the two officials’ suspension shortly thereafter.
Also high in the running for the 2018 tournament were joint bids from Netherlands/Belgium and Spain/Portugal. Australia, Japan, and South Korea all had high hopes for 2022. In these disappointed countries, the selection announcement has done nothing to assuage accusations of corruption against FIFA. The story is likely to continue.

Original Source:  http://sportsarticlesonly.com/footballsoccer/fifa-chooses-2018-and-2022-world-cup-hosts/

6 Warning Signs of a Bad Diet

These days there's a new diet almost weekly, and it's easy to find their glittering promises alluring. "People are sick of their old habits and being overweight, and they're looking for something new," says registered dietitian Jessica Crandall, a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association (ADA). But embark on a bad diet and you could pay a price beyond fleeting results. Some diets can cause a range of side effects, from bad breath and frequent urination, to fatigue and slowed metabolism.
That's why it's important to choose your diet wisely. For a diet that's going to yield long-term, healthy results, steer clear of these attributes:

1. It's too restrictive. Diets are supposed to be restrictive, right? Well, yes and no. A healthy diet does entail some calorie cutting and self-discipline. But a diet that has too many rules spells trouble, Crandall says. "Extreme food restrictions are hallmark signs of a quick-fix plan," she says, adding that you shouldn't have to cut out your favorite foods completely—and doing so can intensify cravings. That's one reason diets that strictly limit food options, such as the Atkins and raw food diets, tend to have higher drop-out rates than, say, the Mediterranean diet, whose general guidelines leave room for variety.
2. It bans whole food groups. Removing food groups—or worse, entire macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)—can catch up with you quickly. These diets eliminate nutrients the body needs to function optimally. "The brain and muscles need carbohydrates," says registered dietitian Andrea Giancoli, a nationally known nutrition expert and nutrition policy consultant for the California Center for Public Health Advocacy, which helps cities develop and adopt healthful food and beverage polices. That's why low-carb, high-protein diets often cause weakness, irritability and fuzzy-headedness, she explains. And short-term fasts and detox diets, like the popular Master Cleanse diet (a hot water with lemon and maple syrup variation), can have lasting side effects, including slowed metabolism and lower bone density from calcium loss. "Diets that allow you to incorporate all foods in healthy portions are the ones people stick with long term," says Giancoli, who is one of 22 members of a panel assembled by U.S. News to rate diets.
3. It's the opposite of what you're doing. People often start a diet in desperation. "They feel so bad about what they've been eating that they want to make a drastic change," says Crandall. But you didn't form your habits overnight, so how can you expect an instant reversal? Better to start slow, reducing portion sizes and making simple substitutions like switching to a lower-calorie bread, she suggests. Small changes will help you avoid diet shock, which can quickly sour even the best plan.
4. It calls for extensive prep work. "Be cautious of plans that involve labor-intensive cooking or prep work," Crandall says. "With any diet, it shouldn't be too challenging." You still have to make a commitment to planning meals in advance, she says, but following 20-ingredient recipes, or cutting up four apples a day because it's in the diet is excessive—and likely won't help you stay on the wagon.
5. It comes in a package. Just as complex food preparation can be a diet's downfall, so too can over-simplified preparation, Giancoli says. Programs that hinge on prepackaged foods can leave you without an idea of how to prepare healthy meals on your own. "You don't know how to shop and cook for yourself. They don't leave you with any tools to adopt a healthful lifestyle," Giancoli says.
6. It touts a magic bullet. If a diet rules out obvious components of a healthy regimen, such as exercise or calorie monitoring, Giancoli's advice: run. "Some of these fad diets just talk about a certain food you need to eat. But when you consume too many calories of any food you're going to gain weight," she says. As for exercise, you can lose weight without it, but the body needs physical activity to be healthy, Giancoli says. Also, be wary of diets that promise drastic weight loss in a short time frame; as a general rule, healthy weight loss means losing 1 to 2 pounds per week.

Original Source:  http://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/on-fitness/2011/09/02/6-warning-signs-of-a-bad-diet

Why Online Education Is Growing

Distance education of one sort or another has been around for a long time. Correspondence courses helped people learn trades on their own free time, while radio or taped television courses educated students in remote areas. Now, with the rapid expansion and evolution of the Internet, online education has become a reality. What began as a convenient means of offering internal training to employees via corporate intranets has now spread to the general public over the worldwide web.

Online-only colleges and career schools have flourished, and traditional ground-based universities are moving courses and degree programs onto the Internet.  It’s now possible to earn a degree from an accredited college without ever setting foot on campus, and more people enroll every year.

Evidence of Growth

The Sloan Consortium, a non-profit foundation, conducts yearly surveys investigating online education. Their most recent report captured the online learning landscape as it stood in 2007-2008, revealing that

• 20% of all US college students were studying online at least part-time in 2007;
• 3.9 million students were taking at least one online course during Fall 2007, a growth rate of 12% on the previous year;
• This growth rate is much faster than the overall higher education growth rate of 1.2%.

Higher Education: Meeting The Need For A Skilled Workforce

Higher education in general has grown greatly. Census data shows that in 1980, only 32% of US adults under 25 had earned a degree or completed any college coursework. By 2000, this number had jumped to 52%. Prosperity has played a role in this growth: as median incomes have risen over the past several decades, more people have been able to afford to send their children to college. Political support for putting people into college education, via Federal funding such as Pell Grants and loans, has also helped increase access to higher education.

However, the main driver behind the increase in higher education is the huge change in the overall economy of the US over the last fifty years. Changes in technology and globalization of the economy means the once-large manufacturing base of the United States has dwindled. Those jobs accounted for 40% of workers in 1950, but by 2000 had shrunk to include only 18% of the workforce. Most workers are now employed by the service sector, where more specialized skills are often a necessary requirement for finding a job. As a result, some post-secondary education is now seen as critical for workplace viability by a majority of the population.

Online Education: Meeting The Needs of the Skilled Workforce

And a majority of the population is now online: in 1997, less than 20% of US households had Internet access. By 2007, that percentage had grown to 61.7%. Internet access took only 7 years to reach 25% of US households, compared with 35 years for the television and 46 for household electricity. As with music, television, and newspapers, higher education needs to move to where the people are if it wants to expand its user base. Also, traditional campuses are having trouble maintaining facilities that meet the growing college population’s needs.  While the cost savings of running an online degree program aren’t tremendous (or at least aren’t a driving concern for university officials), it’s generally easier for colleges to move programs online than it is for them to build extensions to their campuses.

The sagging economy has also been good for online education.  The Sloan Consortium’s findings revealed that many institutions expect more working adults to turn to continuing education to build new skills or enhance existing ones to better their chances in the job marketplace, and also to avoid paying higher fuel costs as commuter students.

This is probably a safe bet: nearly 90 million adults participate in some form of continuing education every year even during good times, according to Census data. The convenience of being able to complete a degree without giving up employment makes online education attractive to working adults. As those adults strive to continue earning, they’ll want to continue learning.

Original Source:   http://www.edarticle.com/article.php?id=1125

How to get Young Skin

There could be three main stages of a skin: The changes that occur to the skin type at the age of 15: The changes in an adult skin type which might count the age limit of 25 as well as mature skin of 40 + in total.
A young skin goes substantially through a delicate phase of natural renewal processing of the surface of the skin. Whether a skin is dry or normal with moisturizing affects the oily or blemishing of the skin is always considered as the greatest catastrophy to one’s skin type.
The wrinkle cream is a complete no for this part of the age as certain customers have wrong notions about improving their skin surface as early as possible but that significantly takes its toll over the long run satisfaction. A light basic cosmetic products are demanded for this stage of skin. A careful moisturizing; cleansing and protection from harmful U.V rays such as direct fall of the rays on the surface of the skin etc.
For a young skin condition one must try to apply the cosmetic features of the product safely and in a daily-routine purpose. The secretion of the sebum; air pollution with hidden dirt molecules that peeps into the soft layer of the skin and cause cancerous cell deposits over the surface of the skin.
The perspiration according to various dermatologists over the surface of the skin increases the formation of impurities of the skin. The dirt should even be removed in the first instance as whether you wear a make-up or not.
If there are unwanted and unexpected deep-down black eye-circles or lines near it it can be therefore controlled with the help of a eye-contour creams. The skin in adulthood stretches to its extreme level therefore the face has to adjust itself according to the environmental factors because the skin’s ability to retain a moisture in this part of the stage diminishes or weakens in nature and indeed.
There is a slowing down up of cell formations inside the layer of the skin. The defencing capability of the skin with inappropriate circulation of the blood supply in the soft and delicate veins ends overtime with catastrophic effects towards the skin.
Vitamin-enriched cosmetic products such as creams and lotions with certain diet chart plan invigorates and clarifies the skin from within so that it radiates automatically. A pre-mature aging could result in adult-hood skin types.
For an old age type the estrogen of the skin diminishes too much and a person doesn’t have any control over its own skin therefore the important elasticity and firmness cannot be retained. The lipid layer that protects the skin but it becomes thinner and circulation also deteriorates for the skin.
Elderlies Anti-Aging Skin Products are recommended by dermatologists all around the globe not to show any form of stress or fatigue over the face with angry facial expressions towards others because it gradually starts taking the toll over the surface of the skin.
It’s a million dollar question for many to believe that the suppleness of the skin be achieved very easily overtime but this isn’t the case for every skin toning type as every person differs according to skin type and everyday diet intakes.
An active agent or ingredient found in multiple cosmetic products can be applied over-night or fortnightly so that the cream could enter the soft pores of the skin conveniently. Others who are dissatisfied to any part of the treatment of the skin are reluctant to turn to plastic surgeries for ex: Face-lifts that has the tendency to firm or tighten up the skin surface and aging process is reduced due to it.
The piercing of the needle or knife under the skin in facial scarring is too much deterrent for the frequent users of such operations. There is a slow sloughing with saggy features available overtime as we all advance in age and radiance of the skin diminishes.

Original Source:  http://medsavailable.com/articles/beauty/how_to_get_young_skin

The 5 Best Foods for Bodybuilders

As every veteran bodybuilder knows, you can’t just put any type of food into your body and expect top performance during your workout. People who don’t know this sport often assume that it’s just about lifting the heavy weights and bulking up as much as possible, but it’s also about treating your body well, which requires a very delicate balance of dietary components. If you want to get on the right track, here are some of the foods that every bodybuilder needs.

Oatmeal: Oatmeal is a slow-burning carb, which means it breaks down gradually in the body and provides an extended dose of energy that gets released when you train hard. The stored carbs will begin to kick in as you train, causing the muscles to release glycogen, a powerful food source. Eat it any way you like—in the traditional way, or mixed with protein powder, cheese, and Splenda.

Lean ground beef: We all love our protein shakes, but no matter how well-made these supplements are, they just can’t match up with real animal protein in unprocessed form. It will make your muscles happy, and it’ll help build mass while providing plenty of iron, zinc, and B Vitamins. Stay away from the stuff that is filled with preservatives, and stick with fresh, organic meat from the store. No fast-food burgers.

Buckwheat noodles: Like oatmeal, buckwheat is a slow-burning carb that helps you keep a balanced rate of energy throughout your workout. Rather than feeling strong early and then having to force yourself through the later stages of your gym session, you’ll be able to get momentum and keep it going to the end. It doesn’t matter how you eat your buckwheat noodles (sometimes known as soba noodles), as long as you have them 1 to 2 hours before your workout.

Flax seeds: Just like a car, your body needs oil to keep it going smoothly, and no amount of bulk is going to keep your joints in good shape. Fortunately, there are foods like flax seeds, which are rich in the types of omega-3 fatty acids that keep your cells strong and your joints limber. Salmon and olive oil are other great sources of these fatty acids.

Broccoli: Broccoli contains magic organic compounds known as indoles, which reduce estrogen levels in the blood, thus reducing your body’s fat storage. Plus, it has tons of fiber and cancer-fighting compounds that will help keep you going strong for years to come.

 Original Source:  http://sportsarticlesonly.com/bodybuilding/the-5-best-foods-for-bodybuilders/

3 Natural Treatments for Thinning Hair

The more scientists learn about male pattern baldness, the clearer it becomes that genetics are one of the main contributors to hair loss. Some of us are genetically predisposed to start thinning in our 20s, some of us in our 40s, and some of us never at all. When this predisposition is genetic, it unfortunately cannot be changed without very expensive medical intervention, usually involving laser treatments, transplants, or hair grafts.
But what we have to remember is that predisposition is never a sure bet. If you are predisposed to hair loss, you can still keep your scalp in good shape by living a healthy lifestyle and not engaging in any behaviors that do damage to the scalp or otherwise contribute to hair loss.

If you want to increase your chances of keeping your hair, try these natural treatments for hair loss:
1. Herbal supplements: There are several types of herbs and herb complexes that have been found to decrease hair loss. While they may not be able to restore hair that has already been lost, they can at least slow down the process. Here are a few of the most popular herbal supplements for hair loss:
• Saw palmetto: From the saw palmetto tree that grows in the southeastern U.S., this herb is thought to have the same effects as the prescription drug Propecia, blocking the types of hormones that lead to hair loss.
• Green tea: Like saw palmetto, this herb shifts the hormonal balance within the body and makes the effects of hair loss less severe.
• Other herbal supplements: Other herbs that have been shown to have anti-hair-loss properties include ginger, apple cider vinegar, and licorice extract.
2. Caffeine: Several studies in recent years have shown that topical application of caffeine can have real anti-balding benefits. Since this news became public, several companies have released shampoos that contain caffeine, and this may be the best route for applying caffeine to the scalp. In order for caffeine to be effective, it has to be applied topically. Drinking it doesn’t have the same effect.
3. Lifestyle treatments: Ultimately, the best way to treat hair loss is to live a healthy lifestyle in every possible way. For example, certain types of exercise have the effect of reducing free testosterone in the circulatory system, and this can translate into a decreased risk of baldness. Having a toned and moderately muscular body helps establish the right balance of testosterone.
Meanwhile, reducing stress is always a good idea, and it also helps to get at least 8 hours of sleep per night. If you can combine these things with a balanced diet and plenty of exercise, your scalp will thank you.

Original Source:  http://medsavailable.com/articles/3-natural-treatments-for-thinning-hair

Financial Aid Options For Adults Who Want To Continue Their Education

 
Approximately 90 million adults in the United States are now enrolled in some kind of training or educational program. Four out of every ten college students are over twenty-five years of age. Another 800,000 take the General Educational Development (GED) test every year to earn high school diplomas. Adult education and re-training is a big trend!
Some of the pressure to get more education is coming from a job market that demands up-to-date skills, especially in technology. The workers with the best and most current skills are in the most demand and earn higher salaries. A college degree often opens the door for a better job or promotion. The United States Bureau of Census estimates that a college degree is worth about $1.2 million over the course of a person's career.
Colleges have adapted to the growing market of returning adult students by changing the way they offer their courses. Many big-name universities now offer their most popular degree programs, such as the Masters of Business Administration, in classes that meet evenings and weekends. Others are providing a combination of weekend, evening and online courses to accommodate the schedules of busy professionals.
One of the biggest trends of all is the emergence of the online university. Tens of thousands of adults are now earning "online" college degrees. They can log into a chat room and discuss assignments with other students and their professionals. They can study online whenever it's convenient. Many of these online schools do not follow formal semester schedules and thus can allow students to take classes whenever they want to start.
Adult students, sometimes called "re-entry students," can qualify for traditional government financial aid if they are enrolled at least half-time. This usually means that they must be taking two full-credit courses at once. Their schools must have the proper accreditations to participate in Title IV programs in order for them to be eligible for aid.
If a re-entry student is taking enough credits to qualify at a Title IV school, he or she then goes through the traditional financial aid process. The first step is to fill out a FAFSA, an abbreviation that means Free Application for Federal Student Aid. You can download a FAFSA and instructions at http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/ english/fafsa.jsp. Students need to fill this out to qualify for programs.
If a student demonstrates financial need, he or she may qualify for government grants, which do not have to be paid back. The Perkins Loan program, also for low-income students, provides loans at very low interest rates that are paid back over a period of ten years beginning nine months after graduation.
College students who are enrolled at least half-time and who can maintain a C average may apply for government loans, also at low interest rates and long payback periods. Sometimes you will owe the money directly to the government. In other cases, a student will have a loan from a private lender who acts as a middleman.
Re-entry students should always contact their financial aid officer at the college of their choice. Their counselor can help them with their FAFAs and other forms, as well as find them a bank to loan them money through a government program.
A good knowledgeable financial aid officer will help students find private scholarship money, too. Although the majority of scholarships are for undergraduates in traditional campus programs, there are over 1800 for re-entry students over twenty-five years of age. While there are private scholarship search companies, most students should be able to do this task themselves for free on the Internet or through their financial aid office.
If you are now serving or have served in the military, you should ask your college financial aid officer about military benefits for continuing education.
Sometimes employers will pay for continuing adult education. Many employers just want an employee to pick up a certain course to enhance job performance in one area. Other employers will pay for the completion of college degrees and even advanced degrees.
Some universities try to pressure students into enrolling before the students know how much financial aid they will receive per semester. To avoid this problem, you can go online and plug in your FAFSA numbers to get a rough estimate of your financial aid package. Your financial aid officer can help you get this estimate before you sign up for tuition payments.
It is also important to understand your school's refund policy. Some students enroll and find out that they cannot carry a half-load of college work plus their professional and family responsibilities. Then they find out their schools will not refund their tuition money either in whole or in part, and that they will have a problem getting out of their federal loans. Investigate all these areas before you sign up for any continuing education program.

Original Source:  http://www.edarticle.com/article.php?id=140

The Roles Of Umpires And Scoring System In Cricket

 
There are generally two umpires in the game of cricket. One of these umpires generally stands at the bowler’s end that is behind the wicket. The second umpire generally stands in a position called ‘square leg’. This position is approximately at a distance of 15 to 20 meters from the striking batsman. The umpire who is on the bowler’s end is generally between the bowler and the non-striking batsman at the time when the bowler is delivering the ball. In case the umpire does not find the playing conditions suitable for the game, he can take the decision of postponing the match and he can ensure that all the players are off the field. This could happen under the natural weather conditions characterized by the presence of rain or poor lighting conditions.

There is also another umpire called the third umpire. He plays a very important role under special circumstances wherein the final decision is left to be made by the third umpire who generally makes a decision by making use of video evidence. The presence of a third umpire is necessitated particularly in test cricket and in the limited overs internationals wherein the match is being played the by the full members of ICC. A match referee is also a part of these games who makes sure that all the laws of cricket are being followed during a particular cricket match and also the spirit of game is being maintained.

The details of a cricket match including the dismissals and runs are recorded by the two officially appointed scorers who are generally off the field. Most of the scorers are generally directed by the hand signals of an umpire. Thus, when an umpire raises both his arms above his head, then the official scorer gets the indication that the batsman has scored six runs.
It is important for the official scorers to maintain the details of the game and record the score as per the laws of cricket. The official scorers also record runs scored, wickets taken and also the overs bowled. There is other information also that is recorded by these scorers such as bowling analysis and run rates. In comparison to the other sports, cricket scoring can be described as much more intricate in nature. This is because it requires much more details to be recorded. Cricket scoring needs to be ensured not just for the runs but also for the wickets.
It is also important to record those circumstances where runs have not been taken. Cricket scoring involves the basic premise of making a record of the number of runs that have been scored vis-à-vis the number of wickets that have fallen for the team members of the batting. The scorer is also required to record that which bowler on the fielding side is actually responsible for taking the wicket. He has carefully note down all details and must ensure to record the all runs that are attributed to batsmen and all wickets which are attributed to the bowlers.

Original Source:  http://sportsarticlesonly.com/cricket/the-roles-of-umpires-and-scoring-system-in-cricket/

HTML Version: <h1>The Roles Of Umpires And Scoring System In Cricket</h1> <p>There are generally two umpires in the game of cricket. One of these umpires generally stands at the bowler’s end that is behind the wicket. The second umpire generally stands in a position called ‘square leg’. This position is approximately at a distance of 15 to 20 meters from the striking batsman. The umpire who is on the bowler’s end is generally between the bowler and the non-striking batsman at the time when the bowler is delivering the ball. In case the umpire does not find the playing conditions suitable for the game, he can take the decision of postponing the match and he can ensure that all the players are off the field. This could happen under the natural weather conditions characterized by the presence of rain or poor lighting conditions.</p> <p>There is also another umpire called the third umpire. He plays a very important role under special circumstances wherein the final decision is left to be made by the third umpire who generally makes a decision by making use of video evidence. The presence of a third umpire is necessitated particularly in test cricket and in the limited overs internationals wherein the match is being played the by the full members of ICC. A match referee is also a part of these games who makes sure that all the laws of cricket are being followed during a particular cricket match and also the spirit of game is being maintained.</p> <p>The details of a cricket match including the dismissals and runs are recorded by the two officially appointed scorers who are generally off the field. Most of the scorers are generally directed by the hand signals of an umpire. Thus, when an umpire raises both his arms above his head, then the official scorer gets the indication that the batsman has scored six runs.</p> <p>It is important for the official scorers to maintain the details of the game and record the score as per the laws of cricket. The official scorers also record runs scored, wickets taken and also the overs bowled. There is other information also that is recorded by these scorers such as bowling analysis and run rates. In comparison to the other sports, cricket scoring can be described as much more intricate in nature. This is because it requires much more details to be recorded. Cricket scoring needs to be ensured not just for the runs but also for the wickets.</p> <p>It is also important to record those circumstances where runs have not been taken. Cricket scoring involves the basic premise of making a record of the number of runs that have been scored vis-à-vis the number of wickets that have fallen for the team members of the batting. The scorer is also required to record that which bowler on the fielding side is actually responsible for taking the wicket. He has carefully note down all details and must ensure to record the all runs that are attributed to batsmen and all wickets which are attributed to the bowlers.</p> <p>Source: <a href="http://sportsarticlesonly.com/cricket/the-roles-of-umpires-and-scoring-system-in-cricket/">http://sportsarticlesonly.com/cricket/the-roles-of-umpires-and-scoring-system-in-cricket/</a></p> Text Version: The Roles Of Umpires And Scoring System In Cricket There are generally two umpires in the game of cricket. One of these umpires generally stands at the bowler’s end that is behind the wicket. The second umpire generally stands in a position called ‘square leg’. This position is approximately at a distance of 15 to 20 meters from the striking batsman. The umpire who is on the bowler’s end is generally between the bowler and the non-striking batsman at the time when the bowler is delivering the ball. In case the umpire does not find the playing conditions suitable for the game, he can take the decision of postponing the match and he can ensure that all the players are off the field. This could happen under the natural weather conditions characterized by the presence of rain or poor lighting conditions. There is also another umpire called the third umpire. He plays a very important role under special circumstances wherein the final decision is left to be made by the third umpire who generally makes a decision by making use of video evidence. The presence of a third umpire is necessitated particularly in test cricket and in the limited overs internationals wherein the match is being played the by the full members of ICC. A match referee is also a part of these games who makes sure that all the laws of cricket are being followed during a particular cricket match and also the spirit of game is being maintained. The details of a cricket match including the dismissals and runs are recorded by the two officially appointed scorers who are generally off the field. Most of the scorers are generally directed by the hand signals of an umpire. Thus, when an umpire raises both his arms above his head, then the official scorer gets the indication that the batsman has scored six runs. It is important for the official scorers to maintain the details of the game and record the score as per the laws of cricket. The official scorers also record runs scored, wickets taken and also the overs bowled. There is other information also that is recorded by these scorers such as bowling analysis and run rates. In comparison to the other sports, cricket scoring can be described as much more intricate in nature. This is because it requires much more details to be recorded. Cricket scoring needs to be ensured not just for the runs but also for the wickets. It is also important to record those circumstances where runs have not been taken. Cricket scoring involves the basic premise of making a record of the number of runs that have been scored vis-à-vis the number of wickets that have fallen for the team members of the batting. The scorer is also required to record that which bowler on the fielding side is actually responsible for taking the wicket. He has carefully note down all details and must ensure to record the all runs that are attributed to batsmen and all wickets which are attributed to the bowlers. Source: http://sportsarticlesonly.com/cricket/the-roles-of-umpires-and-scoring-system-in-cricket/ Article Url:

7 Storytime Strategies for Learning Literacy

Most parents know that reading to your child for fifteen minutes every day is one of the most important activities you can do with your preschooler to help her succeed in school. But what you may not know are some of the secrets teachers use during storytime to teach important early literacy skills to their kids. Well we've got a slew of sneaky teacher tips to share with you the next time you read with your child. Try a few of these simple ideas as you read books for the first time (or the hundredth time!) to help promote beginning literacy skills with your little bookworm.

• Left to Right This may sound simple, but running your fingers under the words as you read has many valuable lessons for young readers. The left to right and top to bottom orientation in the English language is not natural to young children. (You may notice this when she starts to write her name, often times right to left.) This is a simple skill that has to be learned and what an easy way to teach it! As an added bonus, she may also begin to recognize the words you are reading,and perhaps even start to recognize words used frequently in books.
• Working With Words If your child is inquisitive, she may naturally ask the meaning of words she doesn't recognize. Reading is a wonderful opportunity to expand your child’s vocabulary as most picture books contain some words that your child may not know. After reading the book at least once all the way through (just for fun), begin to discuss some of the words you think your child may not know. As she begins to read, it will much easier to sound out a known word than one she has never heard or seen before (this is true for adults as well!).
• Point Out Punctuation Although it's not necessary for her to know what an explanation point, question mark or period is before she starts to read, being familiar with these common punctuation marks will help her feel more comfortable in the world of print. Make a game out of it by showing her (in an exaggerated way) what an exclamation point does to the sentence as you read it, or give her an opportunity to answer each question as you come to it. And for extra practice, you can even try reading the same sentence with different inflections based on the type of punctuation.
• Letter Hunt For a fun alternative to just reading a book, give your child a specific letter to hunt for on each page. Give her a magnifying glass and tell her she's a letter detective! Begin with the letters in her name to pique her interest in the activity. See how many upper case “B’s” are in the book, and then show her what the lower case “b” looks like. How many “B’s” and ”b’s” are in the book all together? This is a fun way to practice letter recognition and you can find most of the alphabet in almost every book!
• Sight Word Search If your child's a little older, you can begin to help her recognize some simple sight words found in most books. The ten most common used words in the English language (ranked by frequency) are: the, of, and, a, to, in, is, you, that, it. Give your little one a head start at reading by helping her recognize these words in print. Write one word on several mini self stick notes and have her stick one on each page where she finds the word. (For example, make ten notes that say the word “and” and let her search through the book for the word “and” to mark with a sticky note each time she finds it.) Read each sentence containing the word so she can hear and see the word in print. Don’t push this unless she thinks it's fun or it may have the opposite of the intended effect!
• Make a Prediction Before you read a new book together, look at the cover and ask your child what she thinks the story will be about. What gives her that idea? Read the title and ask her if she still thinks her prediction is correct or if she wants to change it. After you read the book, evaluate her prediction to see how close she was. She may also wish to make predictions about what will happen next as you read the book together. This is also great practice for basic storytelling, which is a skill she'll learn in the coming years as she writes more.
• Check for Comprehension After you have read a story for the first time, ask a few questions to see how much she remembers and understood. If you ask a question she can't answer, help her find the answer in the book, and then reread the page the answer is found on. Good reading comprehension skills will serve her well as she begins to read.

Creating a love of books and learning in your young child is more important than any literacy skill. Beware of focusing too much on the skill and forgetting to enjoy books together. Enjoy great books together often and when it feels right, and sneak in a little bit of extra learning as you snuggle up and read!

Original Source:  http://www.education.com/magazine/article/storytime-strategies-learning-literacy/

Acne - Complete Guide

 
Acne is the disease of the skin that surfaces pimples and deep lumps formation on the face; back; shoulders and neck regions. These are in the form of pores over the skin that projects unhygienic and absurd looks and destroys the face completely if ill-treated.
The disease of acne happens to youngsters in a broader prospective. The disease isn’t restricted to occur but might find an example to cause bacteria and hormonal imbalance in the human body. It usually occurs in the people who are in the age group of 20s to 40s. The disfiguring of the skin surface is extremely upsetting for many people engaged in their professionals especially the models.

A soft and fluffy clear skin with no marks on the face is every individuals dream and women community is extremely susceptible to worry the clear face in this cosmopolitan society. Severe and serious repercussions occur with permanent scarring of the face.
The term Acne which is common in the society because the outbreak of such bacterial infection of the skin causes the formation of uneven pimples in each life in certain stage of life where hormonal changes are mandatory to happen.
The face’s greasy secretion of the skin’s sebaceous gland makes up a tiny opening for hair follicles and these large openings when unattended for a longer period fills up the space or clog it and that takes up the shape of blackheads and whiteheads. The polluted air causes certain flat spots that are small and pitch dark in color and are easily visible to naked eye.
These are also known upon as flesh-colored bumps of the skin. The swollen and tender inflammations in a form of pimples are the type of plugged pores that do not remain untouched by an individual to either get peeled off or squeezed for the bacterial formation and cause deeper lumps and nodules over the skin surface.
The infected region of the skin takes a shape of firm swelling that is called by dermatologists as (Cystic Acne) of the skin and becomes inflamed due to acute infection thereupon. The condition of acne occurs predominantly to those with sufficient amount of oily skin. The categorization of acne can be understood by its mild and moderate outlook.
Acne lesions are the commonest form of face infections that may overtime reach to other skin sections of the body. An uncontrollable sex drive; harmful diet and unhygienic environmental factors don’t cause acne to happen to a human body.
The real truth of the cause is the hereditary and hormonal imbalance of the human body. Swearing off chocolate or scrubbing your face 10 times a day won't change your predisposition to this unsightly, sometimes painful, and often embarrassing skin problem. It is the extra careful procedure that requires systematic and meticulous planning to have a timely check.
The scientific analysis of males totally differ from females one and both are very complex and complicated by nature for ex: Males produces a hormone called as testosterone and female produces androgen as, Testosterone signals the body to make more serum a form of wax substance for retaining moisture of the skin surface and Androgens boosts up the production for keratin formation as a hormonal abundance which helps the body to produce hair and nails to reach to a specific height.
The bacterium grows in these clogged follicles to cause non-inflammatory acne of the skin. The pressure of the inflammation breaks the wall of follicle buildup and starts bleeding or leaking to nearby soft tissues of the skin and gives permission for pustule to increase. The rashes and permanent scars of the face skin happen due to excessive ruptured cysts. In a common parlance Steroids used by athletes and bodybuilders and oral contraceptives for women to avoid pregnancies becomes the major risk of skin acne.

Stages and Types of Skin Acne

* Mild Acne: It is a dermatological condition that requires immediate medical attention. The grading system by various dermatologists is unique to have exact control over the formation of bacterial infection of the skin. The mild acne is considered as a spot which isn’t visible to naked eye from 2.5 meters away (the lesion) and consists of at least three dozen come-dones or scattered papules. The mild acne can be noticed upon on chest, shoulders, thighs, face, arms etc.
*Moderate Acne: These are the red inflamed lesions with numerous amounts of pustules and come-dones which are large and easily visible to naked eye and could reach up to 1-2 cm in size and shape.
*Severe Acne: The severe cause of bacterial acne according to dermatologists is extended to the stage of forming excessive pus filled pustules and reaches to other skin regions. The stages of severe ness for such acne is sinus; cystic and Acne conglobata which demands dermatologist medicinal procedures for skin treatments and not simply tablets or capsules intake could cure the disease in the first-hand.
*Pimples or Pustules of the skin: Popping up a pustule or Pimple or squeezing it is proscribed by a dermatologist strictly as Pustules occur over the face skin in red and yellow circles with whiteness too and are somewhat similar to whiteheads. They are very much inflamed due to bacterial infection. They are dome-shaped fragile lesion that typically consists of pus that is a mixture of white blood cell and dead skin cells made up of bacteria. A hair is always found on the pustule that forms sebaceous follicle over the skin. If it has not progressed to the stage of malignant cystic formation doesn’t always leave any scar or rash on the skin’s surface and heals automatically.
*Bumps or Papules: Papules are red and tender bumps that are excessively inflamed due to infection. The tiny little pink raised spots shouldn’t be squeezed by one but should be zapped away with the help of zapping gel tube available at over-the-counter drug of the chemist shop. It’s a solid lesion of the skin slightly elevated up over the skin surface. Micro-comedones are invisible to naked eye but have a feeling of sandpaper to the touch of the finger. In other way it’s a localized cellular reaction of the body towards acne.
*Macula of the skin: An acne lesion i.e. been healed leaves a temporary red or pink spot with a uniquely defined border to the spot circle. At a time macula bacteria multiply and show divisional process the number of macula contributes to inflamed face. It has the tendency to persist under unhygienic environmental factor for days and weeks.
*Nodule of the skin: It’s unlike a solid dome-shaped irregular lesion of the skin. There happens a tissue damage that results in scarring of the skin in nodule bacterial formation. The treatment process by various therapies such as isotretinonin do not simply respond as in this case the chances are severe by nature.
*Cystic Acne: A cyst is pus of the skin and is similar to nodules of the skin. Certain long-lasting repercussions have been introduced and felt by the patients who were strongly recommended by dermatologists not to touch; squeeze or ooze out the pus from the spot where it occurred over the skin. The combination theory of nodule with cyst is termed as nodule-cystic acne of the skin. This sort of acne is resistant to various treatments available and is likely to leave along certain rashes or scars after healing process stops.
*Infantile acne of the skin: Infant or new born acne is in a form of mild acne that develops because certain hormones of mother is transferred to baby or passed away through placenta cord connected to the baby and the stress of the delivery by the mother causes baby to release hormone and the good news is that babies only suffer from mild whiteheads only.
*Fulminans Acne: This form of acne is a severe from of acne conglobata and occurs only to teenage boys. The reaction process of such bacterial infection is transmitted quickly to teen’s back portion and chest leaving along large number of pimples in all over the skin surface and also calls upon unexpected fever; muscle and bone pains in the patient.
*Blackheads: A pore is partially blocked with liquid sebum and facilitates the slow and steady flow of bacteria that causes a black appearance on the surface of the skin. This results into blackheads of the face skin. It’s a skin’s own pigmentation and melanin that causes the skin color to black. The blackness doesn’t usually due to wrong consideration of notions that dirt has caused such catastrophe over the skin’s surface.
*Whiteheads of the skin: The pore is blocked with sebum and bacteria same as in the case of blackhead formation and dead skin tissues causes white appearance on the skin’s surface and whiteheads normally consists of shorter life period of becoming malignant red spot then in comparison to blackheads of the skin. The word ‘Milia’ is also termed in the scientific theory by dermatologists all over the globe in which the tiny white bumps occur to normally sloughed skin cells that get trapped in small pockets of the surface of the skin. In Milia upper cheeks and nasal regions are affected in newborn babies.

Causes/Risk factors for Acne

:
* Sebum Oil Overproduction by body’s hormonal imbalance and extra moisturizing oily capability to react with environmental factors by teenagers;
* Bacterial Influx on the surface and at the hidden pores of the skin to cause dome-shaped acne;
* An Irregular shedding up of dead skin cells in women and girls with two to seven days before their periods resulting in excessive irritation in the hair follicles of their skin;
* Usage of certain level of medicinal conditions such as cortisone which is excessively harmful if taken in larger quantities;
* Congenital family history acne formation of the hormones of the body tissues. The contraction and development of the disease been transferred from one gene to another form generations to generations;
* A pressure or friction has been lade upon over the skin with certain commodities such as wearing headbands; chinstraps; helmets; backpacks for hitchhiking purposes and telephones or cell phones, etc. An oily formation due to wearing up such protective gears causes the deposits of acne breakouts;
* Hair products and oil based products such as suntan oil is the risk factor for causing or developing the acne;
* Excessive stress with uneven contraction of skin’s surface with firming and losing of the skin with inappropriate measures;
* A change in the hormone due to menstruation periods in women communities;
* To scrub the skin hard and leaving the skin ill-treated out of proper or timely moisturizing with the help of certain creams and lotions;
* To pick; ooze out or Squeeze the blemishes of the skin surface rather than just zapping it out;
* The use of cosmetics consists of certain ingredients are harmful to acne and causes bacteria to form at the affected area. The names of such ingredients are: oleic acid; vegetable oils; laurel; butyl stearate; lanolin; petrolatum and alcohol. They are found easily in pomades; moisturizers and foundations;
* Individuals who work in fast food corners and various high-temperature restaurant environments and mechanics who are exposed to motor oil daily are regularly prone to such acne disease of the skin because the air causes the skin to rough and causes itching irritations and allows bacteria to seep into the follicles of the skin.
* Excessive Dirt of the atmosphere: The environmental dirt causes acne to occur and becomes the risk factor for contracting the bacteria and viruses usually it’s the dirt produced by automobile or vehicle pollution dirt.

Signs/Symptoms of Acne Formation

:
* Inflammatory Acne: Pustules; red pimples and whiteheads become inflamed under such circumstance. The disfiguring of the skin’s surface with deep malignant cyst is formed in all the skin related regions of the body near to face. The red colored cysts are completely filled with excessive pus and liquid sebum enzyme breakdown from the skin. Scarring may leave discolored pitting of the skin.
* Non-inflammatory Acne: The non-inflammatory type includes both black and whiteheads of the skin surface. The non-prescription treatment of such nature of the disease is possible because they are mild in nature and never causes severity.
* Symptom of Rosacea (rose-ay-shah): A blush across the forehead; nasal region; chin and cheeks begins redness under such symptom of skin disease. A pus-filled bump appears visibly on the surface of the skin. The thin and delicate blood vessels are visible near the regions mentioned above. The acuteness of Rosacea can spread up to the region of eye causing conjunctivitis of an eye.
* Infection of Staph: The infection of staph occurs due to a reaction by bacteria. There’re many healthy individuals who carry upon staph bacteria permanently and at the time when skin get punctured or ruptured due to injury, the staph bacteria immediately pops into action and seep themselves inside the wounded skin surface and causes infection which leads to various skin ailments of the human body.
* Insect bites: The bites and stings of spiders and other poisonous/venomous animals such as bees, etc. create nuisances to a patient suffering from it. The temporary discomfort and momentary alarm triggers the cause of symptom of any skin ailment but the problem related to health doesn’t last. The infectious and allergic reactions of their bites and stings can be proven fatal if they’re ill-treated.
* Cellulites as acne symptom: The symptom usually occurs in infant’s skin. It forms a warmth; swelling up of skin with acute pain and red colored circle. The spreading of such part causes a child to fall ill and shows the sign of unwanted fever with extraordinary sweats and chills to the entire body. Infected skin region causes swollen glands but on a whole cellulite is not contagious by nature.
* Symptom of Eczema: Eczema of the skin is also known upon as a topic dermatitis of the skin surface. It is a common rash or scar for a kid to suffer from. Eczema can cause dry, chapped, bumpy areas around the elbows and knees or more serious cases of red, scaly, and swollen skin all over the body.
* Contact Irritant Dermatitis: An irritation is caused upon by such peculiar disease of the skin and it can cause by many environmental commodities such as: soaps; shampoos; chemicals; detergents, etc. The formation of it is very itchy; swollen and has red pigmentations like pimples. The absolute example of an irritant Dermatitis is ‘Sunburn’.
* Seborrhea Dermatitis: Flaking of the skin is the sign of such dermatitis diseases of the skin surface. The scalp region is most affected due to it. In common parlance it’s known to society as Dandruff for adults and for children world it’s known upon as “cradle cap”. The structure of the skin surface under such symptom of dermatitis effect looks a bit greasy.
* Allergen Dermatitis: It is that rash of the skin which is caused by allergic compounds such as: hair dye; nickel; metal of the jewelry; rubber etc. The various allergies of the skin when comes in contact causes crusty rash which might look scaly and red in color as certain allergies react instantly for ex: metal/nickel when comes in contact with the skin causes certain allergy due to jewelry worn on the first-hand or a metal ring worn all around the finger causes a round circle of white rough skin with flicks of the dry or dead skin coming out. An oil or resin found in certain chemical plants like sumac; poison ivy and oak etc. consist of the tendency to cause some reaction to the human skin too.
* Food Allergies: An annoying symptom of a food allergy is itchy rash or scar and stuffy nose. Allergy specialists and nutritionists all over the globe agree to a specific term of reaction that occurs due to milk consumption as milk when consumed after consuming a fish shows white patches all over the body due to chemically react with oil of the fish. There are certain other products such as: dairy products; peanuts; tree nuts; seafood; eggs and wheat etc.
* Medicinal reactions: Over-the-counter-drugs take to cure or heal the surface of the skin causes unwanted and unexpected skin allergies as they are usually applied without doctors consult and some even have a tendency to become poisonous with perennial affects to long-lasting clear skin beauty. It’s mainly the anti-biotic medicines used for treating reactions or allergies but might turn topsy-turvy in return with brutal affecting capabilities.
* Environmental Allergens: These are airborne particles and are the commonest allergens of the environment. Dust mites; animal dander (excreta, flakes or dried saliva of your pet); mold spores, grass pollen; ragweed and trees etc. causes bacterial particles to be inhaled by human-beings and get deposited inside the respiratory process which overtime takes the shape of certain reactions of the skin surface.
* Impetigo acne: The disease could occur in any part of the body but happens in nasal and mouth regions. The occurrence of such disease happens in the months of summer which affects pre-school children inside the schools. The staph bacterium of such nature is simply characterized by gigantic blisters containing liquid fluid and then becomes hazy. The blisters start oozing out fluid while bursting process takes place and then makes up a honey-colored crust all around the infected skin region. Scratching implies the spreading up of bacterial formation to other corners of the skin surface.
* Scalded Skin Syndrome of the skin: In scalded skin syndrome the bacteria manufactures a toxic element that affects the skin form all over the body. As this form of bacteria spreads to other regions of the skin, the blisters burst and rashes or scars passes by in which the top layer of the ski surface gets completely dislodged and the skin becomes raw like a burning sensation has just been experienced by the patient. The syndrome is a serious illness and should immediately be monitored in a re-known hospital.
* Boils and Folliculitis of the skin: The infection of hair follicles is called as ‘Folliculitis’. The follicle are the tiny pockets which are hidden under the skin where hair shafts (strands) resides and grow in large numbers with hormonal changes inside the skin surface. In such case white-headed pimples appear at the base of the shaft with an oval shaped red circle near a pimple. The children who are worn tightly clothes and pulled back in braids and barrettes are particularly susceptible to such signs of ‘Folliculitis’.
The subcutaneous tissue of the gland is affected worst due to formation of folliculate. The boil could drain away pus and blood or amber-colored liquid fluid. The groin and buttocks of the human body are largely fascinated to cover up the infectious process of bacterial supply to such areas and to multiply to increase in form and shape with certain specific color disorder of the skin surface.
* Shingle: A shingle is a type of blistering and painful rash or scar of the body. The pain caused by shingle starts beforehand the rash might appear over the skin surface. There are certain unusual bumps noticed upon in shingles. The process mainly wraps around either a single section or portion of the skin or may wrap other skinny sections. The crusting and falling process of the blisters happens after 7 to 10 days time. The coloring patches over the skin when the entire process over could have long-lasting affect as a form of sign or symptom of the body and treatment is usually hard in nature.
* Mastocytosis of the skin: The mast cells are those blood cells of the human body that’re made from bone marrow of the human body. Mast cells make a chemical inside the body called as histamine of the body which is the alarm cell to send signals to immune system to know the cause of infection. The chemical histamine causes redness; swelling and itching when reactions takes place inside the body due to natural environmental factors such as a bite or a sting or even a venomous bite from a poisonous snake. The symptom of mast cell shouldn’t include abundance of cells at a particular place for longer period of time. The patient suffering from it have hives that look like a freckle. One large lump over the soft skin may happen if mast cells are collected at a place. The mast cells easily travel from infection one region to affecting other delicate organs of the body such as: abdominal region. Etc The sign of mastocytosis has serious and sever implication to the health of the human as a sudden drop in the blood pressure is noticed and patient becoming faint or unconscious. The symptom can easily trigger death of a patient suffering from this form of disease if ill-treated or time wasted to hospitalize a patient.
* Measles of the skin: measles in children is an acute form of spreading up of the red pimples to nearly entire skin sections of the human body. It causes related diseases such as high-fever; hacking cough ad cold symptoms; running nose and red watered eyes. The symptoms of measles include small red spots with blue-white mouth centers inside the mouth and near tongue. A brown and blotchy appearance is formed out of this catastrophe disease of measles. Measles disease starts initially from the forehead and then spreads downwards reaching the foot or toe fingers of the leg. The measles disease is a highly contagious skin disease. When someone with measles sneezes or coughs, he or she can spread virus droplets through the air and infect others as well.

Treatments and Preventions Tips for Acne

:
* Wash your face with the help of a mild soap twice a day especially when experienced excessive pollution of the road to prevent the bacterial formation on the face for acne.
* Massage your face gently in circular motions to enhance blood pressure and don’t scrub the face or over-wash it because that might create irritation and roughness to the skin. For more Acne Treatment related information including product review of acnezine, you may like to check our site.
* Apply over-the-counter-lotion named benzyl peroxide. There is a substantial decrease in bacteria and excessive oil deposit form the face skin’ surface.
* Clean all glasses and sunglasses so as to ensure frequent oil deposit clogging from around the pores of nasal and eyes regions.
* Do not simply lean on the telephone receiver or to touch the facial skin with finger every now and then. The objects could trigger the bacterial infection on the surface of the skin.
* Prevent yourself from additional dirt and oil particles to clog your pores of soft hair follicles.
* Try not to wear tight clothes so as to let body breathe totally. Tight clothes help bacteria to form at a particular place to harbor in large numbers and cause acne. Head caps; scarves for women and headbands should be completely avoided.
* Do not pop up the tempting pimples from the face. Popping could lead to more swelling and infections instead try to consult a dermatologist for less risk of scarring and infections of the soft and fluffy ski surface.
* Prevent yourself from sun-tanning as direct U.V rays of the sun creates the formation of sebum liquid on the surface and help increases acne and wrinkles over the skin with acute skin cancers too. Apply more sunscreen (with higher SPF) when you're around reflective surfaces like water, snow, or ice.
* Applying make-up in the night is contagious to form acne of the skin. Do not wear make-ups in the night sleep and demand a make-up that says “non-acnegenic” or non-come-do-genic.
* Protect yourself from cold sores of producing pimple on the lip region of the face. It’s a herpes virus (HSV-1) and do not share commodities such as lip balms; cold drink sips; frequent cigarettes or even toothbrushes because it all helps in transformation of one bacteria form one place o another. The virus due to cold sore is transmitted through nose and the mouth saliva.
* Have plentiful of sleep in the night and drink glass full of 8 glasses of water each day with regular exercising for at least 20 minutes (daily). This helps in reducing up the stress mounted over the skin’s surface.
* Suck away ice cubes or pops to ease the tension of the stretched skin in winter season as acne if formed predominantly in winter seasons much.
* Stay away from spicy or chilly foods and other acidic reactive foods such as: lemonade; tomatoes; oranges and other juicy substances because the chemical reactions of such fruits with the blood causes acne formation.
* Never allow bacterial blood bleeding to happen over the skin surface instead use towel or damp cloth to easily clear the watery substance form the surface because when bacterial blood rumbles down the skin the number of points it touches of the skin creates acne formation in large numbers and spreads all over unexpectedly.
* Try to wear gloves to clean vehicle at home or washing utensils in the kitchen and take a short warm shower/bath in the loo.
* Do not use fragranced cream or lotion or even moisturizer. Try to use only fragranced-free moisturizers as the availability of chemicals in it is reduced substantially by the manufacturing companies before launching the product in the market.
* Stay away from wool or spandex clothes as the irritation or frustration with itchiness when coming in contact with the skin’s surface for relatively longer span of time causes the formation of acne on the skin surface.
* Be hyper-cautious of warts formation at the genital region of women especially as he wart pigmentations causes bacterial infection at the vagina and thus causes acute acne. Consulting a gynecologist is a better option rather then taking over-the-counter-drugs or prevention methods on the spur of the moment at home itself. It’s extremely harmful or contagious to human body.
* For pregnancy related contingencies for women. Try not to experience stretch marks over the surface of the skin as the skin’s surface balloons in 7 to 8 months period and stretches to its extreme level with enormous uneven elasticity which causes roughness; dryness and acne formation over the skin. Keep your skin radiant and glowing for the rest of your life span and eat healthy.

Original Source: http://www.medsavailable.com/articles/acne/acne_complete_guide

Cricket – A Sport Played Between Two Competing Teams

Cricket is recognized as one of the modern sports that first originated in England. It is extremely popular in the various areas that formed up the British Empire. There are several test teams that are particularly recognized in Cricket as a sport. These teams are England, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia, Bangladesh, and others. This game particularly got an eccentric nature and even the languages used to describe the different aspects of this game are also idiosyncratic in nature. The majority of terms that are used to describe the different aspects of cricket have their origin in Australia and England. In the present times, most of the playing nations and most of the cricketers have widely accepted these terms.
The game of cricket is generally played between the two competing teams and each of these teams has eleven members. There is a large expanse of grass on which this game is primarily concentrated on and this is termed as pitch. In most of the cases, the different cricket teams are comprised of players who have mixed abilities, that is, some of the members of the team specialize in batting while others specialize in bowling. There are only some occasional players who can excel in both types of skills.
Each of the teams also appoints a highly specialist player who acts as wicket-keeper. A length of grass that is present in the center of the pitch is termed as ‘wicket’. At both the sides of the wicket, there are three sticks placed adjacent to each other and this placement is generally ensured in an upright position. This is termed as ‘stumps’. The three sticks are separated from each other by a small distance and this distance is generally not more than the diameter of a cricket ball. There is a chalk outline in front of each set of the stumps. This is termed as ‘crease’. There are two umpires who are known in this game. The length of the different games is generally variable in terms of duration of time and also in terms of the number of balls that are bowled.

As a part of this game, one team will generally bat first and the other one will bowl first. The batsmen will generally play in pairs and each of these batsmen will have a bat. Each of the two batsmen would be at the end of each of the wickets. The batting team always aims at achieving the objective of scoring the highest number of runs till the time all the members of the team are declared ‘all out’. This target is then set for the bowling team and they need to surpass this target score in order to win the match. That is, the reversal of roles is now ensured. The batting team now starts bowling and the bowling team starts batting. The reversal of the roles will happen once or more depending upon the format of cricket being played.
In this game, it is possible to score runs in a number of ways that is by being able to run between the wickets after a shot or directly ensuring to score four runs or six runs for which there are specified rules. Similarly even the dismissals of the playing batsmen can also happen in a number of ways.
All in all cricket is a very interesting game and it is liked by millions of people in this world.

Original Source: http://sportsarticlesonly.com/cricket/cricket-%E2%80%93-a-sport-played-between-two-competing-teams/

Adult Learning In Groups

Author: Susan Imel
 

Groups [can] exert powerful influence both to advance and to obstruct learning. A group can be an environment in which people invent and explore symbolic structures for understanding the world, learning from each other and trying out for themselves the discourse of the domain of knowledge they seek to acquire. Alternatively, groups can encourage conformity, squander time and energy on ritual combat, revel in failure, and generally engage in all sorts of fantasy tasks that have little or nothing to do with learning. (Knights 1993, p. 185)
The use of groups has deep historical roots in adult education, and, if asked, most adult educators would say that learning in groups is a fundamental principle of the field. Adult educators use groups frequently in structuring learning experiences, and groups also form the basis for much informal adult learning both within and outside institutional boundaries. Although group theory once played a major role in shaping the field, the topic of learning in groups has been relatively unexamined in the recent literature. This Practice Application Brief provides information that can be used in developing adult learning groups in formal educational settings. First, the nature of learning in groups is considered, followed by discussions of the role of the facilitator and forming groups. Guidelines for structuring group learning experiences for adults conclude the Brief.
The Nature of Group Learning
Little research exists on how learning occurs in groups (Cranton 1996; Dechant, Marsick, and Kasl 1993). Futhermore, when forming groups, adult educators tend to focus on helping learners work effectively together rather than on helping them understand the learning processes that may be occurring in the group (Dechant, Marsick, and Kasl 1993). By drawing on Habermas' domains of knowledge and interests, Cranton (1996) has developed a helpful way of thinking about how groups can accomplish or facilitate different types of learning. Cranton suggests that there are three types of group learning, each affiliated with the following kinds of knowledge proposed by Habermas--

• instrumental (scientific, cause-and-effect information)
• communicative (mutual understanding and social knowledge)
• emancipatory (increased self-awareness and transformation of experience)

As outlined by Cranton, the type of learning that occurs in groups varies according to the learning tasks and goals. Group learning that has as its goal the acquisition of instrumental knowledge is called cooperative. In cooperative learning groups, "the focus is on the subject matter rather than on the inter- personal process . . . [although] the strengths, experiences, and expertise of individual group members can contribute to the learning of the group as a whole" (ibid., p. 26). The term collaborative describes group learning that is based on com- municative knowledge. Because communicative knowledge is sought, collaborative learning groups emphasize process and participants exchange ideas, feelings, and information in arriving at knowledge that is acceptable to each group member. Transformative applies to learning groups that seek emancipatory knowledge. In transformative learning groups, members engage in critical reflection as a means of examining their expectations, assumptions, and perspectives.
Another question related to the nature of learning in groups is whose purposes should the learning serve the individual's or the group's? In other words, should the group foster the learning of individual members or should the group as an entity learn? With some types of group learning for example, cooperative as described by Cranton (1996) the focus is explicitly on the learning of individual group members. As groups engage in collaborative or transformative learning, however, the distinction between individual learning and group learning becomes more invisible. Even when group members jointly produce knowledge, that knowledge may be used by an individual (as well as by the group). In such cases, both the group and the individual learn, making it more difficult to distinguish which purposes are served by the learning (Imel 1996).
The Role of the Facilitator
When group learning is used in adult education, the teacher or instructor is usually referred to as a facilitator. Use of the term facilitator to describe the individual in charge of an instructional setting carries with it certain expectations about how this person will carry out his or her role. Usually, a facilitator is expected to foster, assist, support and/or help with accomplishing the learning tasks by sharing responsibility with the learners. In addition, the facilitator is expected to establish and maintain the group learning environment and provide information about how members will work as a group (group process). Varying perspectives exist, however, about how these roles should be performed. (ibid.).
Cranton (1996) suggests that the roles and responsibilities of the facilitator change to correspond to the group's purposes and goals. In cooperative learning groups, for example, the facili- tator develops exercises and activities and manages time and resources. In collaborative and transformative learning groups, however, the facilitator is more of an equal partner in the learning, although in collaborative learning groups, the facili- tator must assume the responsibility for maintaining the group process. Heimlich (1996) disagrees with those who "interpret the concept of facilitator as being equal to the learners of the group . . . [suggesting that] although the adult educator is always a potential learner in the teaching-learning exchange, someone must be willing to bring to the group the ideas or issues the group may choose to avoid" (p. 42). Heimlich also views the facilitator as being the one responsible for constructing learning activities and managing their implementation, which is quite similar to how Cranton sees the facilitator's role in cooperative group learning.
Because adult education draws heavily from the humanistic perspective, those acting as facilitators may feel responsible for looking after and supporting students and for solving all problems related to the group. Knights (1993) suggests that pro- viding too much support can help learners avoid "the pain of learning" (p. 196), adding that group members can look after one another. Foley (1992) warns that, because too many things related to the group are outside their control, facilitators should not fall into the trap of thinking "that for every facilitation problem, there is an appropriate technique that can be applied, if only one is experienced and competent enough" (pp. 158-159).

Forming Groups
Among the many considerations when forming learning groups are group size and membership. Size is an important characteristic of groups. The consensus among group theorists is that smaller groups, those of six or less, tend to be more cohesive and productive than larger groups. Even in a class of 8-12 learners, therefore, forming two small subgroups might produce better results for some learning tasks (Imel and Tisdell 1996).
"Although theory speaks conclusively about the importance of size, it is not so explicit about the question of learners choosing or being assigned to groups" (ibid., p. 19). Because of the voluntary nature of adult education, facilitators may choose to let learners form their own subgroups, making selections on the basis of preexisting relationships and/or topic. Allowing learners to select their groups may not produce the most effective learning outcomes, however. A study (Butterfield and Bailey 1996) with upper division and master's level business students (with a mean age of 24) compared self-selected groups with groups that were designed by the researchers "on the basis of overt or readily identifiable differences to create diversity on such factors as sex, national origin, race, academic background and so on" (p. 104). Groups were given task assignments that required both cognitive evaluation and judgment. Groups selected by the researchers performed significantly better than the self-selected groups, leading the researchers to conclude that "engineering the group composition provides an opportunity to improve the educational process by taking advantage of the diversity that naturally exists in the class" (p. 105). They did find, however, that members of the self-selected groups perceived their group process to be democratic more frequently than did the members assigned to groups by the researchers.
Structuring Group Learning for Adults
When structuring adult learning groups, the nature of group learning, the facilitator's role, and considerations about forming groups all intersect. Questions to consider when implementing group learning in adult settings include the following--

• What purpose is the group learning experience designed to achieve? For example, is the goal related to developing relationships among the participants, is it focused on acquiring a certain type of knowledge, or both? The answer to this question will affect all other decisions about the learning group. As described by Cranton (1996), the type of learning in which groups engage affects the role of the facilitator, the relationships that learners are likely to form with one another and with the facilitator, and the type of knowledge that is produced.
• What is an appropriate role for the faciliatator? Once the goals and purposes of the learning group are determined, the facilitator's role will be more evident. Certain types of group learning may carry certain expectations about how facilitators are to function, but faciltators may choose to adapt their roles because of their personal characteristics or the particular context in which the group is operating. For example, in some transformative learning situations, facilitators may need to step out of their role of colearner in order to deal with power issues that arise among learners (Imel and Tisdell 1996). Also, facilitators need to remember that their roles have limits and that too many factors lie outside their influence for them to control all outcomes (Foley 1992; Knights 1993).
• How should groups be formed? Again, the goals and purposes of the learning group will shape decisions about forming groups. Size considerations are important since research demonstrates that small groups are more effective. However, the size of the entire group or the learning task may affect decisions about the number of small groups and their size. A more difficult question related to forming groups revolves around how group membership should be constituted. Again, the learning tasks and the learners will have a bearing on how this desicion is made. Among the questions to be considered are the following: Is the learning group formed only for the purpose of accomplishing a very short and specific task or will it be ongoing? Are the learners well acquainted already? Do learners possess observable or easily obtainable characteristics that could be used to form heterogeneous groups? How important is it that members perceive the group process to be democratic? For example, Butterfield and Bailey (1996) suggest that a self-selection process may work better when equal contribution of members is more important than output quality. 

Original Source: http://library.educationworld.net/a1/a1-6.html

Revitalize Your Skin with Papaya

 
You will notice that many skin care products today contain papaya. That’s because this common fruit has more to offer you than its delicious taste. Papaya is actually rich in vitamins and nutrients that are essential for the repair of damaged skin cells and is therefore a very effective way to get rid of the early signs of aging such as wrinkles and blemishes. One of the most well-known benefits of papaya to the skin is that helps whiten dark spots; that’s why you often see it contained in skin whitening soap and creams. But do you know that papaya also has the ability to help tighten the skin and eliminate skin sagging and wrinkling? That’s right. That’s why more and more people today who are looking for natural skincare solutions are turning to this wonderful fruit.
Papaya may not be as tasty as other fruits that you know but is nonetheless packed with antioxidants that makes it a natural beauty product. The fruit is very rich in vitamin C, an antioxidant known for its ability to boost collagen and elastin production. Both collagen and elastin are what compose the skin’s structure, but as you grow old, production of these two elements slow down, causing your skin to sag and become dull. With the help of a powerful antioxidant like vitamin C from papaya, the production of these two are enhanced, giving your skin its natural glow once again.
Two other popular vitamins you will find in papaya are vitamins A and E. As we all know, vitamin A is vital for the health of the eyes, but do you know that it is essential for your skin’s health as well? Vitamin A comes in the form of beta-carotene in papaya, and when consumed, it helps curb the negative of UV rays in your skin. Vitamin E on the other hand is a well-known moisturizer, and is also a very popular anti-aging component. These three vitamins alone are enough to take care of the free radicals that destroy skin cells and cause the skin to age prematurely.

It’s not only the papaya that has the ability to revitalize the skin. Even the sap of the fruit contains an enzyme that experts consider to be a natural skin exfoliator. This enzyme is called papain. Papain is a form of pepsin that is commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Generally, papain is given to people who are suffering from digestive problems. However, the enzymes amazing exploits do not end to treating stomach aches and indigestion. Today, there are many skincare products that contain this ingredient especially lotions and topical creams.
That is because papain has the ability to boost the skin’s process of eliminating dead skin cells. When skin cells die, the skin pushes them to the epidermis to slough them off. However, when there is a huge amount of these dead skin cells covering the surface of the skin, the skin will begin to appear dry and dull. That’s where exfoliation comes in. While the skin has a natural way of exfoliating, it is sometimes not enough to get rid of all the dead skin cells, that is why ingredients like papain are needed to help loosen dead cells and get rid of them.
Nowadays, the most common use of papaya is as a skin whitener. It seems that each time a new skin whitening product comes out, you can expect that product to contain papaya as one of its main ingredients. Again, it is the enzyme papain that is believed to be the major component of papaya that helps in skin whitening. However, experts agree that vitamins A, C, and E also play a major part not just in improving the skin’s complexion but also helping it become softer and smoother.
We all know that the health benefits of papaya are not limited to the improvement of the skin’s health. For ages now, papaya has been used as cure for digestive problems. It is also known to improve cardiovascular health and boost the immune system with its rich content of B vitamins, vitamin K, fiber, folate acid, magnesium, and potassium. But above all else, papaya, whether taken as a dessert or applied to the skin as part of a skin care product can surely help revitalize your skin’s health.

 Original Source: http://medsavailable.com/articles/revitalize-your-skin-with-papaya

Top 10 Comedians 2011

There are many new entries in this list of top 10 comedians 2011. Watch out comedy lovers, these comedians are here to bring down the house with their slapstick humor, jokes and expressions that are very rare...
 
Human life today is becoming more serious and complicated than it ever was. The recent market meltdown, job cuts, and unemployment has only led to more human tragedy and suffering. People are so involved and tensed in their professional lives that they have no time to have a hearty laugh. However, there are certain group of people who have taken the responsibility of making people laugh no matter what and they have gotten pretty good at it. These talented artists have taken the responsibility of making people forget their worries by making them laugh like crazy and they are doing a pretty good job.

Top 10 Best Comedians of 2011

The top 10 comedians 2011 mentioned in this article started their career doing stand up comedy and then made their move into TV shows and movies. Here are those talented names...

Jeff Dunham
Probably one of the best comedians alive on TV and on stage, Jeff Dunham is one of the busiest and richest comedians in the US today. Though he had a not so successful series on Comedy Central, the man's talents are incomparable and he always leaves the audiences wanting for more. His puppets, DVD's of various acts have become a must have item for his millions of followers. His talents are not only seen in stage but have also appeared in movies (Dinner for Schmucks), where he's showcasing his amazing talents with the likes of Steve Carell and Paul Rudd.

John Mulaney
With his signature voice, John had only two career options in mind; radio announcer or stand up comedian. He choose the latter and his fans still thank him for that. He has been the creator for some of the most hilarious stage shows and is a regular on the VH1's Best Week Ever. John is also a writer on Saturday Night Live and holds the honor of performing twice on the Late Night with Conan O'Brien.

Dane Cook
He is one of the few talented comics with a pretty face and a well built physique. People fill up seats just to see and hear his jokes. Over the years this talented comic actor has proved his acting abilities with films like, 'Good Luck Chuck' and 'My Best Friend's Girl'. The actor continues to perform on his road tour 'Isolated Incident' which has received great reviews.

Russell Peters
No top 10 comedians 2011 list can be completed without Russell Peters. Known all over the world as the 'Canadian Joker', Peters usually has racism all over his act. An Anglo-Indian by birth, almost half the west swears by his humor and he usually makes fun of his own ethnicity. He has performed in more than 50 countries and every show that he has done has been a full house.

Chelsea Handler
She is beautiful, she is outspoken and she is a funny lady. Chelsea Handler is known all around the world to speak her mind which makes her a much loved and hated personality. She is the host of Chelsea Lately, a late night talk show on E! and she took her comic timing out on the road to promote her third book which is doing great business. She also hosted the MTV Video Music Awards and entertained audiences worldwide with her charming personality and intelligent wit.

Rob Schneider
People probably recognize Rob Schneider from various Adam Sandler movies. He always plays a small role, and why not, Adam and Rob have been close friends for many years. This talented artist started out as a stand up comedian and slowly climbed the ladder of success by working as a writer for Saturday Night Live and then acting in the same. After Leaving Saturday Night Live, he got small roles in Hollywood and got his first break in the 1994 hit, Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo.

Ellen DeGeneres
She makes the whole of America dance to her tune every day. Ellen DeGeneres makes the day bright with more sunshine and her ever glowing smile. Like every other talented artist, she also started out as a stand up and later became a respected name in Hollywood. Currently she provides her voice for various animated characters and she is also the host of her successful talk show; The Ellen DeGeneres Show.

Billy Crystal
A successful writer, actor and comedian, Billy Crystal was actually going to be a baseball player but somehow that plan didn't work out. He started studying theater and got his first recognition as an actor in the sitcom called Soap where he played a gay character. His comic timing is so good that he has been invited to host the Oscars for a record number of 8 times.

George Lopez
Currently the star of the Lopez Tonight, George Lopez is another famous name in the world of talented comedians. He has performed various stand up acts and also performed in several movies including The Spy Next Door, Valentine's Day and Marmaduke. His latest show has made him a household name with fellow Americans and he uses this platform to showcase most of his stand up comedy.

Howie Mandel
Most people know Howie Mandel as the host of a successful game show, 'Deal or No Deal'. This multi-talented actor started his career as a comic artist and you can see some of his comic talent when he judged the highly successful America's Got Talent. He is also a brand ambassador for online retailer company and also takes his comic act sometimes on the road.

So these were the top 10 comedians of 2011. People say that making someone laugh is the hardest thing to do in this entire world, but when I see these talented people addressing the crowd and making them laugh, I really begin to wonder whether people have met these geniuses.

Original Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/top10-comedians2011.html